Le 108 Upanisad classiche

Le Upanisad sono trattati, ora in versi, ora in prosa, di varia estensione e varia epoca. Essi rappresentano uno dei grandi sforzi compiuti dal genere umano, per tentare di lumeggiare le verità supreme, offrendo una risposta alle domande fondamentali dell'uomo. Le Upanisad di maggiore importanza sono quelle cosiddette "antiche" o "medie", oppure " vediche ". A queste opere, redatte grosso modo nell'arco di tempo che va dal 700 al 300 a.C., ne sono seguite molte altre, fino a tempi recenti. Le Upanisad più antiche presentano una prosa assai vicina a quella dei Brahmana che le contengono. Di nessuna di queste opere abbiamo il nome dell'autore. Il monismo di stampo idealista che a più riprese permea di sè le maggiori tra le Upanisad, contrasta con il netto politeismo vedico. La dottrina dell' Atman-Brahman e quella della trasmigrazione delle anime, paiono speculazioni riconducibili più ad ambienti della casta dei guerrieri che a quella, più formalmente ritualista, di matrice brahminica. Ma queste sono solo supposizioni. Le Upanisad vediche, infatti, vengono chiamate dalla tradizione indiana " Vedanta ", ossia "la conclusione" dei Veda", quindi continuazione e sviluppo ultimo dell'intero pensiero vedico. La straordinaria fortuna delle Upanisad vediche è testimoniata dai numerosi, e importantissimi, commentari, che si sono succeduti nel corso dei secoli: Gaudapada, Shankara, Madhva, Ramanuja e via dicendo, fino a Tagore e Aurobindo.

Le 108 Upanisad classiche

  1. Isha Upanishad (detta anche Ishopanishad)

  2. Kena Upanishad, o Kenopanishad

  3. Katha Upanishad, o Kathopanishad

  4. Prashna Upanishad, o Prashnopanishad

  5. Mundaka Upanishad, o Mundakopanishad

  6. Mandukya Upanishad, o Mandukyopanishad

  7. Taittiriya Upanishad, o Taittiriyopanishad

  8. Aitareya Upanishad, o Aitareyopanishad

  9. Chhandogya Upanishad, o Chhandogyopanishad

  10. Brihad-aranyaka Upanishad, o Brihad-aranyakopanishad

  11. Brahma Upanishad, o Brahmopanishad

  12. Kaivalya Upanishad, Kaivalyopanishad

  13. Jabala Upanishad, Jabalopanishad

  14. Shvetashvatara Upanishad, Shvetashvataropanishad

  15. Hamsa Upanishad, Hamsopanishad

  16. Aruneya Upanishad, o Aruneyopanishad

  17. Garbha Upanishad, Garbhopanishad

  18. Narayana Upanishad, o Narayanopanishad

  19. Parama-hamsa Upanishad, o Parama-hamsopanishad

  20. Amrita-bindu Upanishad, Amrita-bindupanishad

  21. Nada-bindu Upanishad, o Nada-bindupanishad

  22. Shira Upanishad

  23. Atharva-shikha Upanishad (o Atharvashira Upanishad)

  24. Maitrayani Upanishad

  25. Kashitaki Upanishad

  26. Brihaj-jabala Upanishad, o Brihaj-jabalopanishad

  27. Nrishimha-tapaniya Upanishad, o Nrishimha-tapaniyopanishad

  28. Kalagni-rudra Upanishad, o Kalagni-rudropanishad

  29. Maitreyy-upanishad

  30. Subala Upanishad, Subalopanishad

  31. Kshurika Upanishad, o Kshurikopanishad

  32. Mantrika Upanishad, o Mantrikopanishad

  33. Sarva-sara Upanishad, o Sarva-saropanishad

  34. Niralamba Upanishad, o Niralambopanishad

  35. Shuka-rahasya Upanishad, o Shuka-rahasyopanishad

  36. Vajra-sucika Upanishad, o Vajra-sucikopanishad

  37. Tejo-bindu Upanishad, o Tejo-bindupanishad

  38. Nada-bindupanishad, o Nada-bindupanishad

  39. Dhyana-bindu Upanishad, o Dhyana-bindupanishad

  40. Brahma-vidya Upanishad, o Brahma-vidyopanishad

  41. Yoga-tattva Upanishad, o Yoga-tattvopanishad

  42. Atma-bodha Upanishad, o Atma-bodhopanishad

  43. Narada-parivrajaka Upanishad, o Narada-parivrajakopanishad

  44. Trishikhi Upanishad

  45. Sita Upanishad, o Sitopanishad

  46. Yoga-cudamani Upanishad

  47. Nirvana Upanishad, o Nirvanopanishad

  48. Mandala-brahmana Upanishad, o Mandala-brahmanopanishad

  49. Dakshina-murti Upanishad

  50. Sharaba Upanishad, o Sharabopanishad

  51. Skanda Upanishad, o Skandopanishad

  52. Mahanarayana Upanishad, o Mahanarayanopanishad

  53. Advaya-taraka Upanishad, o Advaya-tarakopanishad

  54. Rama-rahasya Upanishad, o Rama-rahasyopanishad

  55. Rama-tapani Upanishad

  56. Vasudeva Upanishad, o Vasudevopanishad

  57. Mudgala Upanishad, o Mudgalopanishad

  58. Shandilya Upanishad, Shandilyopanishad

  59. Paingala Upanishad, o Paingalopanishad

  60. Bhikshu Upanishad, o Bhikshupanishad

  61. Mahat Upanishad, o Mahadupanishad

  62. Shariraka Upanishad, o Sharirakopanishad

  63. Yoga-shikha Upanishad, o Yoga-shikhopanishad

  64. Turiyatita Upanishad, o Turiyatitopanishad

  65. Sannyasa Upanishad, o Sannyasopanishad

  66. Paramahamsa-parivrajaka Upanishad

o Paramahamsa-parivrajakopanishad

  1. Malika Upanishad, o Malikopanishad

  2. Avyakta Upanishad, o Avyaktopanishad

  3. Ekakshara Upanishad, o Ekaksharopanishad

  4. Purna Upanishad, o Purnopanishad

  5. Surya Upanishad, o Suryopanishad

  6. Akshi Upanishad

  7. Adhyatma Upanishad, o Adhyatmopanishad

  8. Kundika Upanishad, o Kundikopanishad

  9. Savitri Upanishad

  10. Atma Upanishad, o Atmopanishad

  11. Pashupata Upanishad, o Pashupatopanishad

  12. Param-brahma Upanishad, o Param-brahmopanishad

  13. Avadhuta Upanishad, o Avadhutopanishad

  14. Tripuratapana Upanishad, o Tripuratapanopanishad

  15. Devi Upanishad

  16. Tripura Upanishad, o Tripuropanishad

  17. Katha-rudra Upanishad, o Katha-rudropanishad

  18. Bhavana Upanishad, o Bhavanopanishad

  19. Hridaya Upanishad, Hridayopanishad

  20. Yoga-kundalini Upanishad

  21. Bhasma Upanishad, o Bhasmopanishad

  22. Rudraksha Upanishad, o Rudrakshopanishad

  23. Gana Upanishad, o Ganopanishad

  24. Dharshana Upanishad, o Dharshanopanishad

  25. Tarasara Upanishad, o Tarasaropanishad

  26. Mahavakya Upanishad, o Mahavakyopanishad

  27. Panca-brahma Upanishad, o Panca-brahmopanishad

  28. Pranagni-hotra Upanishad, o Pranagni-hotropanishad

  29. Gopala-tapana Upanishad, o Gopala-tapanopanishad

  30. Krishna Upanishad, o Krishnopanishad

  31. Yajna-valkya Upanishad, o Yajna-valkyopanishad,

  32. Varaha Upanishad, o Varahopanishad

  33. Satyayani Upanishad

  34. Hayagriva Upanishad, o Hayagrivopanishad

  35. Dattatreya Upanishad, o Dattatreyopanishad

  36. Garuda Upanishad, o Garudopanishad

  37. Kali Upanishad

  38. Jabali Upanishad

  39. Saubhagya Upanishad, o Saubhagyopanishad

  40. Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad, o Sarasvati-rahasyopanishad

  41. Bahvrica Upanishad, o Bahvricopanishad

  42. Muktika Upanishad, o Muktikopanishad.